Expressing Consequence and Concession

Describe a Consequence with "darum," "deshalb," "daher," and "deswegen"

The conjunctive adverbs darum, deshalb, daher, and deswegen introduce the effect of a cause. All four adverbs have the same meaning.

They combine an independent clause describing a reason with an independent clause describing a consequence. The clauses must be separated by a comma or period.

Note: The adverb takes the first position in the sentence, while the finite verb comes next, and then the subject.

Express Concession with "trotzdem" and "allerdings"

The conjunctive adverbs trotzdem and allerdings indicate a restriction or a counter reason to a statement previously made. Trotzdem usually indicates a stronger opposition.

They combine a sentence that introduces the topic with a subsequent sentence that describes an unexpected opposition. The two sentences must be separated by a comma or period.

Note: The adverb takes the first position in the sentence, the finite verb comes next, then the subject.

Indicate a Necessary Action for a Purpose with "dafür" and "dazu"

The conjunctive adverbs dafür and dazu indicate what we need to do in order to reach a goal. They combine a sentence that introduces the goal with a sentence that describes the required action to achieve it.

The two sentences must be separated by a comma or period.

Indicate a Consequence with "dann"

The conjunctive adverb dann indicates a consequence to an action. It combines a sentence that introduces the condition (usually with "wenn") with a sentence that describes the consequence.

The two sentences must be separated by a comma or period.

Note: The adverb takes the first position in the sentence, the finite verb comes next, and then the subject.

Express a Logical Conclusion with "also" and "folglich"

The conjunctive adverbs also and folglich indicate a logical conclusion. Folglich is more formal than also.

Note: The adverb takes the first position in the sentence, the finite verb comes next, and then the subject. The two sentences must be separated by a comma or period.

Indicate the Manner with “so”

The conjunctive adverb so describes an outcome more precisely.

Express a Consequence with "sodass"

By using sodass, we express the consequence of an action. The cause is mentioned in the main clause, and the effect is stated in the subordinate clause, introduced with sodass.

The part "so" can also be placed before an adjective of the main clause (only if there is an adjective related to the result):

Express Manner with "indem," "dadurch, dass,","anstatt...zu," "ohne...zu"

Modal clauses are subordinate clauses that answer the question "how?". To explain exactly how the goal was reached, we can use:

Rule (1): the subordinate conjunction "indem."

Rule (2): the subordinate conjunction "dadurch, dass."

Rule (3): the subordinate conjunction "ohne...zu" indicates a limitation or negation.

Rule (4): the subordinate conjunction "anstatt...zu" describes an alternative to the action of the main clause.

Note: "dadurch" can also be used in the main clause to emphasize the topic. Then, it is placed in front of the 'goal to be achieved':